environment analysis of the BPO industry in india :: essays research papers

Introduction THE DEFINITION OF OFFSHORING AND OUTSOURCING There is no commonly accepted definition of â€Å"off shoring† in the public debate nor in the economic literature. However, the term â€Å"off shoring† is widely used as a particular subcategory of â€Å"outsourcing†. The latter has been defined as â€Å"the act of transferring some of a company’s recurring interval activities and decision rights to outside providers, as set in a contract†. The typical consequence of such a decision is a decline of employment in the plant/firm that is doing the â€Å"outsourcing† and a rise in employment in the plant/firm from which the supplies are sourced thereafter. The vagueness of the term is often related to the fact that it is not made clear if the change in sourcing of supplies refers to the plant level, the firm level or to the national level. The term â€Å"recurring interval activities† might include a given level of in-house supplies in a stagnant business environment, but the meaning is l ess clear in an expanding environment in which additional supplies from the outside do not necessarily result in an absolute reduction of employment but tend to limit its expansion. It is also useful to distinguish between a replacement of the supplies which takes place between plants of the same firm or from a non-affiliated firm (control-ownership), and whether the new sourcing is from plants in the home country or abroad (location). In certain cases, the sourcing decision goes hand-in-hand with new investment abroad, which leads some observers to focus the outsourcing debate on outright plant closures, with output being replaced by new greenfield investment abroad. Four types of â€Å"outsourcing† are reported, using location and control/ownership as distinguishing criteria: Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captive onshore outsourcing implies a shift in intra-firm supplies to an affiliated firm in the home economy. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the shift in sourcing of supplies benefits a non-affiliated firm in the home economy, one can describe it as non-captive onshore outsourcing. The term â€Å"onshore† could be replaced in both cases by â€Å"local† or â€Å"domestic†. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captive offshoring describes a situation in which future supplies are sourced from an affiliated firm abroad. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fourth variant of outsourcing may be labeled non-captive offshoring and refers to the case when the new supplier is a non-affiliated firm and located abroad. A major problem with the definitions above is that they do not concord easily with officially collected economic data. Outsourcing decisions are made at the micro level of plants or firms, while the official data are generally collected at the sectoral and national level.

Most important inventions Essay

One of the most prominent features of the present century is the progress of science and its effects on almost every aspect of social life. Nowadays, more and more new things invented to make our life more comfortable and convenient. It is difficult for us to point out which inventions changed human’s life the most, but in my opinion the three most remarkable inventions changed the world the most are the creations of electricity, aircraft and computer. Firstly, electricity actually becomes necessary in human beings’ life, it has contributed much in manufacturing, curing and operating machines. If the power of electricity had never been existed we wouldn’t have even a fraction of what we have in the world today. No electricity also means that there is no TV’s, no computers, no air conditioning†¦ Indeed, we cannot even imagine how we would live in absence of electricity in modern times. In addition, many diseases are treated by electric treatment today. Surgeons will not be able to carry on their instruments and machines without electricity. For example, X-ray machine which enables the doctor to take the photograph of the internal parts of the body can be operated only with its help. This is an industrial era. Many big and heavy machines are used to generate foods, goods, clothes†¦.Nonetheless, such machines works only with the help of electricity. In some progressive countries, like Japan, electric power is used in almost all the factories, a power cut in one day could lead to the deadlock. For this reason, electric power is really useful in production as well as the growth of industries. The second invention I believe that it has great impacts on our social life is the creation of computer. It would actually be difficult to say when the first computer was made but Charles Babbage was the first one to conceptualize it. He called it ‘The Analytical Engine’ though he never could build it. In fact, computer is the extremely important Invention because it helps us to display and save information; this invention is also applied in almost all fields. In olden times, storing information had many  disadvantages. You had to write information on the papers and then store them a certain place. As a matter of fact, the data could be lost after a long time due to old paper, wood-borer †¦. However, today it becomes easier and more convenient with computer. You just type the information you need, save it and it is done. You do not need many shelves to save data anymore. On the other hand, you can edit them as you like and you can save them as many files as you want. PC actually is utilized in almost all fields such as studying, working and entertaining. For instance, people can use computer for presentation, planning a project, playing videogames, watching TV and listening to music. The last but not least is the invention of aircraft. All of us cannot deny the creation of aircraft has changed the way of our traveling. The airplane is not only one of the greatest inventions in the 20th century, but also one of the most wonderful scientific creations of the human history at large. This mean of transport made it possible for people to work in places miles away. The existing of aircraft has turned long and exhausting journeys into a trip completed within hours. Also, the people from divergent parts of the world could travel from one region to the other quickly, thereby exchanging different aspects in social and cultural experiences. It is one of the crucial factors that help business expand to global market. Furthermore, children can attend school in distant countries. In the past, this was impossible. Hence, the children of today are better educated than those of the past. Thanks to the creation of aircraft, human beings became more dynamic, they are able to do business in foreign lands and visit various countries all over the world. Scientific inventions have made this world worth living. They help our life become more comfortable and convenient. And three of the inventions modifying deeply the way we live are the creations of electricity, computer and aircraft. We can sure that these changes will not stop there, these inventions have just built the foundation for the future scientists to create more and more inventions, and we cannot ima gine how our life would change in the next few years.

The s Argument Against Prostitution - 1483 Words

Prostitution is the exchange of money for sex which enables the client direct access to sexual satisfaction through physical contact. In this essay, I shall argue that we should be morally opposed to prostitution. I shall analyse Laurie Shrage’s argument against prostitution. I shall then consider Igor Primoratz’s objections to these arguments and examine his account for why we should not be opposed to prostitution. I shall then explain why Shrage’s argument survives these objections and we should therefore be morally opposed to prostitution. Shrage’s argument focuses on the view that prostitution oppresses all women and we should be morally opposed to it. Shrage’s argument concerns modern, contemporary prostitution. The central thesis to Shrage’s argument is the notion of cultural beliefs. Shrage defines cultural beliefs as what we as a society believe as a whole. Society interprets our actions and determine their moral status based on the majority’s beliefs. It does not matter if these beliefs are true or false because society will praise actions that they consider to be good and condemn those actions which they consider to be bad (Shrage, 1989, 351). Shrage argues that there are four cultural beliefs which cause prostitution to oppress women because it causes women to be labelled and asserts male social dominance. The first cultural belief she suggests is that society generally believe that human beings, particularly men, possess a strong sex drive. The second culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Pro s And Cons Of Prostitution1481 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution has always been a controversial topic not only in our country but all around the world. Although its been said to be the oldest profession, the social stigma that comes with it makes it taboo. Despite these disapproving views, the majority of individuals in prostitution turn to it in desperate need of money. This negative connotation that comes with prostitution is most likely derived from the thought that sex is an immoral act. Society in this country is slowly becoming more acceptingRead MoreShould Prostitution Laws Be Legal?1304 Words   |  6 PagesMost people morally oppose the profession of prostitution because they consider it to be a taboo. While others believe that it is their right and personal freedom to choose what to do with their life and body. Recently, the debate about how laws should address prostitution legally has become a subject of legislative action. Prostitution itself is not a criminal off ence under the Constitution, but there are certain laws under the Criminal Code that discourage it and makes it unlawful. For exampleRead MoreWhy Prostitution Is Wrong?1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Markets in Women s Sexual Labor† Debra Satz lays out an argument for an â€Å"egalitarian approach† to deciding why prostitution is wrong and whether or not that means it should be illegal (Satz, 1995). Satz accepts that prostitution is wrong from the start but she seeks a good explanation for why. She decides that prostitution is wrong because the practice of women selling their sexual services to men perpetuates gender inequality. If we accept that prostitution is wrong then we should look forRead MoreProstitution And The Act Of Prostitution1401 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"world’s oldest profession,† also known as prostitution, is considered a grey area in morality (Thiroux). Prostitution is defined as selling oneself or one’s talents for base purpose (Agnes). Contrary to popular belief, there are plenty of arguments for prostitution and the act of prostitution becoming legal. Coinciding with popular belief, there are more arguments against the act of prostitution being legalized. While some consider the act of prostitution to be an immoral act others will considerRead MoreThe Legal Acceptance Of Prostitution1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legal Acceptance of Prostitution Prostitution is often called the oldest profession in the world. One of the First forms is scared prostitution supposedly practiced among Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of scared prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon where each women had to reach once a year the sanctuary of Militia and have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typicallyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1725 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution Should Be Legalized Some say prostitution is the world s oldest profession. Yet, only a small percentage of the world’s government allows it. The legalization of prostitution is a very controversial topic due to many people’s moral beliefs. Prostitutes all over the world are treated as outcasts. A reason for people to be against prostitution could be due to their religious beliefs, moral standpoints, or lack of knowledge over the subject. Many religions state that sex outside of marriageRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1413 Words   |  6 Pagesdare of doing such a thing. One of these unthinkable jobs is prostitution. It is said to be â€Å"one of the oldest professions, â€Å"yet it’s not viewed as that in our society. There s no box for it when you fill out what your career is. This may seem crazy to some. However, I think that prostitution should be legalized. Prostitution may not be the go-to occupation, but does this give the government the right to make it illegal? Making prostitution illegal has obviously failed, especially since we are seeingRead MoreWhy The Agent Is Fully Self Owning Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual s inherent right to sexual autonomy, they have the right to act how they want with their body. Libertarians hold the view that prostitution is an activity between two consenting adults, which should not be touched by the government or even an organized religion because they consider it to be a â€Å"victimless crime†. They also they believe that it should not be subject to regulation, even if the act does not involve love or even if it involves the exchange of money. Prostitution is done withRead MoreThe Canadian Justice System1714 Words   |  7 Pagesand its name is prostitution The 4th of November 2014 is a day that will be remembered as the most notorious day in the history of the Canadian Justice System. On November 4th 2014, the most controversial prostitution bill â€Å"Protection of Community and Endangered Persons Act†, also known as C-36 was passed in the Supreme Court of Canada. According to this law, the ‘sale of sex’ has to be regarded as a legal act. However, the law did not include several other aspects of the prostitution trade. The saleRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling of

John Stuart Mill s The Greatest Happiness Principle

It would be inaccurate to designate morality as being right or wrong. Although there is a clear separation between right and wrong like there is for white and black, it becomes fuzzy and grey when the situation becomes emotionally or experienced based, or subjective. Overall, we would all agree that taking someone’s life is unacceptable, but there are times when it has been vital. Utilitarianism is based upon the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† which states that actions are considered moral when they promote utility, meaning happiness, and immoral when they promote the contrary. The British philosopher John Stuart Mill proposes that morality should be driven by the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle.† Nonetheless, he also believes that just because an action promotes utility does not make it so that it is moral in his eyes. In order for the action to be considered moral, the person must have made an intentional choice to enhance the greatest good for the grea test amount of people. Mill has strong points about morality, but primarily the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† is not a good foundation of morality because it does not consider the nature of a person’s behavior or action. I will begin by arguing that there is a fault in the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† since it does not equally take into account a person’s motives, but rather just the consequences. Next, I will argue that is nearly impossible to apply the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† because it goes against our natural,Show MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill ´s The Greatest Happiness Principle Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesI will be explaining John Stuart Mill’s view on ethics. This includes explaining the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle†, happiness, unhappiness, quality of pleasure, lying, and the relevance of time with his view. I will then explain how I agree with the principle of Rule Utilitarianism. I will also consider the objection of conflicting rules in Rule Utilitarianism as well as that of negative responsibility, giving my response to each. Mill claims that morals find their root in Utility, otherwise calledRead MoreThe Contributions Of John Stuart Mill1250 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who was born on May 20, 1806 in London, England, to Harriet Burrow and James Mill, a noted economist, philosopher and historian. James Mill was an educated man who was heavily involved in an early 19th century movement called philosophic radicalism, a school of thought also known as Utilitarianism, which highlighted the demand for a scientific foundation for philosophy, as well as a humanist approach to economics politics. It was this foundation fromRead MoreJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. John Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very intelligent as young children. John Stuart Mill learned to read as a toddler and began to study Latin at the age of three. John ForbesRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreUtilitarian Perspective On Feminism1563 Words   |  7 PagesA Utilitarian Perspective on Women’s Rights John Stuart Mill’s discussion of the subjection of women leaves many scholars regarding him as one of the first feminist philosophers of his time. His work analyzes and questions the everyday perspectives on women’s rights, and challenges common societal notions. Many philosophers today look to his work for a variety of reasons; some applaud his work for being ahead of it’s time. Others dismiss it, claiming that it’s flawed due to personal attachment.Read MoreUtilitarianism : Bentham And Mill766 Words   |  4 PagesBentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. Bentham and Mill builtRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism880 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes hard to define, but with John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism it is a little bit easier. Utilitarianism is an easy one, for the reason that it is defined by the greatest happiness for everyone involved. Sometimes it does not always make everyone content, but if you look at it as a whole it makes sense. Mill says that we have to look at the bigger picture. One person’s happiness affects another’s and so on. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that John Stuart Mill, the philosopher, formulated toRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead MoreKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will begin by explaining the overall views of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, then compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Kant and Mill on Animal Ethics. I believe that Kant, the deontologist, will not care as much about the duty/responsibility between humans and animals as Mill, the utilitarian, who will see the extreme importance of animal ethics. After studying and explaining the views and teachings of these two philosophers I will see if my thesis was correct,Read MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. While they may have philosophized around the same time period, the philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of Duty and Reason, believed in the morality of the good will and duty. He espoused that happiness is an irrelevancy insofar as fulfilling duty is the most important aspect of leading a moral life. Conversely, John Stuart Mill, who wrote, The Greatest Happiness Principle, is well known for his utilitarian

The Outcome Of The 2016 Election Essay - 1625 Words

The outcome of the 2016 election came as a surprise to many, pleasant to some and unpleasant to others. However, when looking at the theories and ideas in political psychology, the election of Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton is not entirely shocking. Cognitive dissonance theory, schemas and heuristics, and social influence, specifically conformity, can all help to explain why Donald Trump is America’s new president-elect. Cognitive dissonance is defined as â€Å"when people encounter an inconsistency between any two cognitions† (Haas, Lecture, October 11, 2016). These conflicting attitudes, beliefs, and values produce discomfort. The rules of cognitive dissonance theory by Leon Festinger state that the two cognitions must be relevant. If relevant, they can either be dissonant or consonant. Dissonance causes negative control and people will be motivated to reduce this (Haas, Lecture, October 11, 2016). One study by Brock and Ballou n (1962) found that cognitive dissonance does indeed occur. In the experiment, students were given the option of listening to a message the whole way through or to push a button that muted the message for any length of time. The study found that people who smoked pushed the button to mute the message during messages that discussed the link between cancer and smoking. Additionally, those who identified as strongly Christian muted a message that attempted to debunk Christianity for a longer period of time thanShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election : Obama And Mitt Romney995 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of the United States, the 2016 election cycle is the 57th presidential election, yet it could be the strangest of them all. In contrast, the 2012 election between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney was a relatively tame and mundane election. It was decided by two elements, just as the 2016 election will be decided by. Choice, both by the media and the candidates is one ingredient to determine the outcome of elections. Chance similarly affects election outcomes, though chance deals with environmentalRead MoreAmerica s Voting Equipment s Major Problem? Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesJessie Sisavat Professor Smith Pols 116 December 13, 2016 What Is America’s Voting Equipment’s Major Problem? For several decades, the American people have been skeptical if their votes count due to the uncertainty of various voting methods. The election process is marred with dissatisfaction and inaccuracy in governmental elections. Voting means a lot to citizens because it is what gets the people’s voices heard. There are voters that are uncertain of trusting the candidates that will make theirRead MorePresidential Elections And Election Elections1509 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical elections, especially presidential elections have many variables that influence the voters when they go to the polls. Many researchers use various methods to figure out all the possible outcomes of the election and what the voters are looking for in a particular year. This year has been unique because of the different personalities that the candidates own. This new diversity has caused researchers to revise their tactics from earlier years. Also, negative political ads for this election yearRead MorePred icting The Future Of The Election Before The Voting Deadline Of November 8th1214 Words   |  5 Pageswill probably still be cold tomorrow. This is the same way for Presidential elections. If a candidate were to maintain their strong lead from the beginning of the election, unless something were to happen, it is expected that they will continue that lead in the future as well. So if meteorologists are able to reliably predict the outcome of the weather, can Psephologists reliably predict the outcome of the presidential election before the voting deadline of November 8th? There are always peopleRead MoreWhy Should Millennials Do Not Vote?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesvoting in elections. I, myself, as part of the Millennial Generation also do not understand this characteristic as well. We all question many decisions of others, but the millennial generation is being questioned for one of its many characteristics, why do the majority of millennials not vote? There are three specific reasons as to why millennials do not vote in elections: 1. They think their vote doesn t matter. For example, only a handful of swing states actually decide in the election. Case inRead MoreThe Presidential Election : President Carter Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesEver since President Carter, there have been disputes of how to reform the election process of the Democratic nominee for the general election. Both teams presented their arguments explicitly of why or why not the superdelegates should be abolished from the Presidential Nomination System. Both teams were only able to touch at least one main argument from the assigned reading and provided examples of present and past events to reinforce their position. However, the negative team seemed more compellingRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 2016 Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pages The presidential election of 2016 shocked people across America after Donald Trump won the election. Many people questioned h ow such a candidate could run for office, much less hold one of the most powerful positions on Earth. In attempting to uncover how Trump could be victorious in an electoral race against Hillary Clinton, this paper will analyze four key factors in a general election: the fundamentals, campaigns, the media, and the voters. Each factor provides insight on how Trump was able toRead MoreMichael Manor And Timothy Cruise857 Words   |  4 Pagesthat evening Kerry announced Timothy Cruise had won the election by one vote, Michael, and his best friend Mark had not voted that morning. Thesis Statement: All American citizens who can vote should vote during the November 2016 general election because it is an earned privilege, every vote counts, and you’re electing the next leader of the country. BP #2 All American citizens who can vote should vote during the November 2016 general election because it is an earned democratic privilege. ChurchillRead MoreCase Study The Voter Turnout For The Election705 Words   |  3 PagesAs citizens, we are all called out to make political choices during elections thus vote when required. But not all citizens vote during elections. In this assignment, we will study the voter turnout for the march 2016 primary elections for the republican and democratic parties based on the Harris country reports for the county itself has a whole and more specifically other voter precinct that are concerned by certain voters for this assignment. After my researches, I found on the voting precinctRead MorePolitical Parties : The Democratic Party954 Words   |  4 Pagesvote in the upcoming election. If these issues are addressed we are on track to have a very successful election. The biggest obstacle that we face today is increasing our voter turnout rate for all elections. Republican’s recent success can mostly be attributed to their consistently higher voter turnout. According to Aaron Blake from Washington Post Democrats actually outnumber Republican voters it’s just a matter of getting our Democrat voters to come to the polls on election days. Republicans voters

Piping Free Essays

Introduction: The term fabrication applies to the cutting, bending, forming, and welding of Individual pipe components to each other and their subsequent heat treatment and nondestructive examination (N DE) to form a unit (piping subassembly) for installation. The term installation refers to the physical placement of piping subassembly, valves, and other specialty items in their required final location relative to pumps, heat exchangers, turbines, boilers, and other equipment; assembly thereto by welding or mechanical methods; final NEED; heat treatment; leak testing; ND cleaning and flushing of the completed Installation. Depending on the economics of the particular situation, fabrication may be accomplished in a commercial pipe fabrication shop, or a site fabrication shop, where portions of the piping system are fabricated into subassembly or modules for transfer to the location of the final installation. We will write a custom essay sample on Piping or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a general rule piping NAPS 21/2 (DNA 65) and larger for nuclear and fossil power plants, chemical plants, refineries, industrial plants, resource recovery, and generation units are most often shop fabricated. Piping NAPS 2 (DNA 50) and smaller Is often shop fabricated where special heat treatment or cleaning practices may be required: otherwise it is field fabricated. Pipelines and other systems involving long runs of essentially straight pipe sections welded together is usually field assembled. In recent years, the infusion of new bending technologies, new welding processes, new alloys, fracture toughness limitations, and mandatory quality assurance (QUA) programs have made piping fabrication and Installation much more complex than In the past. Greater emphasis Is being placed on written procedures for QUA and quality intro (ICQ) programs, special processes, and qualification and certification of procedures and personnel. Improper selection of fabrication or installation practices can result in a system, which will not function properly or will fail before its expected life span. Accordingly, fabrication and installation contractors must work closely with the designer and be aware of the mandatory requirements of the applicable codes, the unique requirements and limitations of the materials, and those of the fabrication and installation techniques being applied. Codes and Standards Considerations: A great many codes and standards apply to piping. It is incumbent on the fabricator and/or Installer to be familiar with the details of these codes and standards since some codes have the force of law, As an example, the SAME 331. 1 Power Piping Coded is referenced by SAME Section I Power Boilers: for piping classed as Boiler External Piping. The latter that is law in most states, contains rules for code stamping, data reports, and third-party inspection. Piping under SAME Section 1113 also has legal standing. Most other piping codes are used for contractual agreements. Most codes preference SAME Section for nondestructive examination methodology and SAME Section XIX for welding requirements. Each of the codes covers a deferent piping practices, some have mandatory requirements, while others only have recommendations. Heat treatment requirements may vary from one to another. The manner in which the code-writing bodies have perceived the hazardous nature of different applications has led to differing NEED requirements. Generally, the codes are reasonably similar, but the owner, designer, fabricator, and installer must meet the specifics of the applicable code to ensure a satisfactory installation. It is essential that the designer be very familiar with the code being used and that purchasing specifications for material, fabrication, and installation be very specific. Reference to the code alone is not sufficient. In the design, a particular allowable stress for a specific material, grade, type, product form, and/or heat-treated condition was selected. The specifications issued for material purchase and fabrication must reflect these specify to assure that the proper materials and fabrication practices are used. It is also incumbent upon the fabricator and/or installer to be very familiar with the applicable code. Each project should be reviewed in detail. â€Å"Standard shop practices† may not always produce the desired result. Communication between the designer, fabricator, and installer is essential. All should be familiar with the various standards used in piping design. Most piping systems are composed of items, which conform to some dimensional standards such as SAME 836. MM and SAME 836. MM for Pipe, 816. 57 for flanges, etc. The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MS) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) issue other dimensional standards. The Pipe Fabrication Institute (IF) publishes a series of Engineering Standards, which outline suggested practices for various fabrication processes. These standards give excellent guidance for many aspects of piping fabrication not covered by the codes. The American Welding Society (SAWS) publishes a number of recommended practices for welding of pipe in various materials. Materials Considerations: Piping systems are fabricated from a great variety of metals and nonmetals, material selection being a function of the environment and service conditions. Materials must inform to the standards and specifications outlined in the governing code. Some codes such as SAME Section Ill impose additional requirements on materials beyond those in the material specifications. All fabrication and installation practices applied to these materials must be conducted so as to assure that the final installation exhibits all of the properties implicit in the design. For example, hot bending of certain austenite stainless steels in the assassination range will reduce their corrosion resistance if they are not subsequently heat-treated. Accordingly, a heat treatment to restore these properties should be specified. How to cite Piping, Papers

Setting up a Chain of Old Age Care Homes

Question: Describe about the Setting up a Chain of Old Age Care Homes. Answer: Introduction: The aged person in any community needs special care and attention. This is a period of life when any people faces problem regarding health, mental support. There are many homes set up for aged persons who need care. These aged care homes provides the elderly peoples with daily cares like laundry services, meal, nursing care and personal cares like dressing, catheter, wound care. These homes are approved by the Australian Government (Feil ,2014). The report is based on the probable forecasting of the business of a group of investors who wants to set up a chain of elderly care homes in two Government areas of the country Australia. The probable prospect of the business of the firm based on current and past year data are being studied in the report. Materials and methods: A number of variables effect the growth of business of aged care homes. To set up aged care homes in some Government locations across Australia, one needs to determine the factors that govern the need of aged care homes (Katz Monk, 2014). First of all aged care homes should be set up in those places where there will be adequate number of aged persons who needs special care. Secondly, the aged persons should have enough money to pay the fees of the homes. These two are the primary variables affecting the growth of business of old age care homes (Brownie Nancarrow, 2013). The aged care homes needs to be evenly distributed all over the country. The aged care homes are to be set up by the company in places where there will be no other such homes in nearby location(Deary et al., 2012). There should be adequate supply of nursing staff and other staffs who are supposed to deliver their services in aged care homes (Falk et al., 2013). These are the other factors that effects the business of old aged care homes. One can choose between overseas staff if local staffs are not available. But choosing overseas staff will lead to higher cost to provide accommodation for them (Taylor Payer, 2016).In order to set up a chain of old age care homes, there should be space available for setting up these homes. The data has to be collected on the following variables: The number of old aged people living in the Government areas. The financial condition of the old aged people. The number of people available who actively need jobs and can serve in the old aged homes. Results: The data obtained is analyzed with the help of regression analysis. The significant values of the regression coefficients explain that the variables significantly affect the business. A regression analysis is carried out by taking number of people in age group above 70 in different regions like major cities, internal regions as dependent variables and other factors affecting the study as independent variables. In the regression analysis, the value of the coefficients of Government organizations, religious and charitable organizations and profit organizations are high. The value of regression coefficient of charitable and religious old age is highest. Figure: The number of residential and home care centre. Source: Created by author. The above graph gives an idea about the number of residential care homes and aged care homes in 7 major regions of the country over the years 2012-2015.The seven major regions are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, Southern Australia, Tasmania, Queensland and NT. The two local Government areas in Victoria chosen for the purpose are City of Melbourne and Port Philip. Melbourne city has the highest population among all other regions. The population figure is 3,707,530.The number of unemployed people is 4330. The cumulative income of people is 62340 which indicates the people has enough fund to pay for these homes. Figure: Residential population growth by age. Source: (melbourne.vic.gov.au. , 2015) The graph shows the growth of population in the Melbourne city. The graph shows there will be an increase in the population of old aged homes. The number of people living in the Port Philip region is 91373. This region also has a growing population. So this region is also chosen as a place for setting up old age care homes (Knightley Crawford, 2013).The cumulative income of the people of Port Philip is also good. The total figure is 63992. This suggests that the old aged people has enough financial condition to pay for the homes. Discussions: The data from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reveals that the number of aged care homes is very high in places like Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales. The places of Western Australia, Tasmania has very few of these homes. The Government region of Victoria are taken. In these places lot of people require old age care facilities. The cohort of people who were born after the Second World War is now attaining the age 70. The forecast figures suggest that these peoples need aged care. So there is a demand for aged care homes in the present days. Recommendations: The report suggests that majority of the elderly people prefer the religious and charitable organizations. TheThe cost of service in this aged home should be affordable by every people. The chain of old aged homes should be set up in locations where there is an increasing demand of old age homes. The homes should be set up at places where there should be adequate staffs available. The survey is conducted by selecting a few major regions of the country. There are remote places where there is need of old age care homes. The old age care homes can be set up in those places. The study has been carried out mainly by regression analysis. Time series analysis could have been done to know about the trend in the data. The growth of business of time series data could have been predicted with the help of time series analysis. The data analysis has been carried out on the basis of secondary data. It is recommended that the study should be conducted with the help of primary data. The primary data could be collected with the help of questionaire. Conclusion: In this report a study about the factors determining the growth of old aged home is carried out. The data collected is secondary data. The statistical analysis of the data suggests that number of people going to charitable and religious homes is largest. The two local government areas of Melbourne and Port Philip is chosen to be the best to set up old age care homes. References: Aihw.gov.au. (2016). Residential aged care and Home Care 201415 (AIHW). [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/residential-and-home-care-2014-15/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Brownie, S., Nancarrow, S. (2013). 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